Parturition is induced by a complex neuroendocrine mechanism. The signals for parturition originate from the fully developed foetus and the placenta which induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex. This triggers release of oxytocin from the maternal pituitary.

Leydig cells or interstitial cells, which are present in the intertubular spaces produce a group of hormones called androgens mainly testosterone. Androgens play a major stimulatory role in the process of spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa).

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in female mammals that is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone. A marked in the figure shows primary follicle, a layer of granulosa cells,surrounds each primary oocyte. A large number of these follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to puberty.

During embryonic development, the primary organiser signals the development of another organ or tissue by secreting chemical factors.

Function of placenta – The placenta facilitate the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and also removal of carbon dioxide and excretory/waste materials produced by the embryo. The placenta is connected to the embryo through an umbilical cord which helps in the transport of substances to and from the embryo. Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones like human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG), human placental lactogen(hPL), estrogens, progestogens etc.

In testis,the immature male germ cells or spermatogonia(2n) multiply by mitotic divide and increase in number.Some spermatogonia (2n) known as primary spermatocytes divide meiotic division to form secondary spermatocytes (n). The secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to produce spermatid which are transformed into spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called spermiogenesis.

During menstrual or bleeding phase which comprises of 3 - 5 days out of 28 days menstrual cycle, the production of LH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is considerably reduced. The withdrawal of this hormone causes degeneration of corpus luteum and therefore,progesterone production is reduced. Production of estrogens is also reduced in this phase.

A bulbourethral gland (or Cowper's gland) is one of two small exocrine glands present in there productive system of human males. They are homologous to Bartholin's glands in females.