“Descent with modification” is the central theme of

Recapitulation
Genetics
Evolution
Biogenesis

We cannot induce a specific gene to mutate, because

genes are located on chromosomes
genes are very small and cannot be seen under compound microscope
it is very expensive to do so
scientists have not yet found the method of doing so

The idea of “Survival of Fittest” was originally presented by

Malthus
Lyell
Wallace
Spencer

The Theory of Natural Selection, proposed by Darwin to explain Organic Evolution was based on

modifications of organs through use and disuse
enormous rate of reproduction, struggle for existence and survival of the fittest
inheritance of acquired characters
appearance of sudden large variations, inheritance and survival of those havins these variations

One major criticism against Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is that

it does not explain presence of vestigial organs found in many mammals.
it overestimates the reproductive capacity of organisms
it does not take into account variations with heredity
it assumes that the environment has been changing through the ages.

According to special creation theory the earth is about

4000 yrs old
4.5 M yrs old
4.5 B yrs old
10000 yrs old

A geneticist mixed together many different kinds of fruit flies-some with long wings, some with short wings, some with red eyes, some with brown eyes, and so on. He allowed the flies to feed, mate randomly, and reproduce by the millions. After many generations, most of the flies in the population had medium wings and red eyes, and most of the extreme types had disappeared.This experiment appears to demonstrate

stabilizing selection.
geographic variation.
diversifying selection.
genetic drift.

Solution

Stabilizing selection favours individuals about the mean.

Blue poppies native to China are grown at a plant-breeding center in California, where those with the thickest leaves survive and reproduce best in the drier climate. This evolutionary adaptation of the poppies to their new environment is due to

genetic drift
stabilizing selection
directional selection
neutral variation

Solution

Selection is favoring one extreme.

A population of organisms has a gene for which there are two alleles, D and d. The allele frequency of D = 0.8. If this population satisfies all five of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions,what are the genotype frequencies that are expected in the next generation?

DD = 0.04; Dd = 0.32; dd = 0.64
DD = 0.64; Dd = 0.32; dd = 0.64
DD = 0.04; Dd = 0.64; dd = 0.32
DD = 0.64; Dd = 0.32; dd = 0.04

Solution

We are told that the allele frequency for D = 0.8; therefore, the frequency of d = 0.2. These values are the p and q that we need to calculate the genotype frequencies in the next generation.Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation,

p²(DD) = 0.64, 2pq (Dd) = 0.32, and q²(dd) = 0.04.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the term 2pq represents the

overall gene frequency of the population.
frequency of both homozygous genotypes.
frequency of the heterozygous genotype.
allele frequencies of the population.

Solution

The terms p and q are the allele frequencies for a given gene, so 2pq represents the two possible ways that heterozygotes can form

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