Although DNA fingerprinting is a powerful technique,a genetic match call demonstrate only a high probability of guilt since there is a 1/100,000 to 1/1,000,000,000 chance that two individuals will share the same genetic profile.

Human insulin has 53 amino acids in two polypeptides(A and B) connected by two S-S (disulphide) linkages.In 1983, American company Eli Lilly prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to A and B insulin chains. When introduced in plamids of E.coli, insulin chains were formed. They were extracted and fused to produce humulin(human insulin).

Bt cotton, a transgenic crop variety has been introduced in India. The Bt cotton variety contains a foreign gene obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis. This bacterial gene protects cotton from the ball worm, a major pest of cotton.

Golden rice is a transgenic food crop which may help in solving the problem of night blindness in developing countries. Golden rice or miracle rice is rich in vitamin A or b-carotene and iron and decaffeinated coffee are also valuable achievements of gene transfer technology.

Main objective of production/use of herbicide resistant GM crops is to reduce herbicide accumulation in food articles for health safety. GM plants has been useful in many ways. Genetic modifications has made crops more tolerant to abiotic stresses, reduced reliance on chemical pesticides, enhanced nutritional value of food.