The nursing theorist who developed transcultural nursing theory is
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Madeleine Leininger
Madeleine Leininger developed the theory on transcultural theory based on her observations on the behavior of selected people within a culture.
The nurse is obligated to follow a physician’s order unless:
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The order is an error, violates hospital policy, or would be detrimental to the client.
Even though the nurse may obtain the client’s signature on a form, obtaining informed consent is the responsibility of the:
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Physician
The client’s right to refuse treatment is an example of:
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Common law.
The scope of Nursing Practice, the established educational requirements for nurses, and the distinction between nursing and medical practice is defined by:
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Nurse practice acts
The nurse practice acts are an example of:
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Statutory law
Ethical dilemmas often arise over a conflict of opinion. Once the nurse has determined that the dilemma is ethical, a critical first step in negotiating the difference of opinion would be to:
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Gather all relevant information regarding the clinical, social, and spiritual aspects of the dilemma
Each step in the processing of an ethical dilemma resembles steps in critical thinking. The nurse begins by gathering information and moves through assessment, identification of the problem, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
In most ethical dilemmas, the solution to the dilemma requires negotiation among members of the health care team. The nurse’s point of view is valuable because:
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Solution
Nurses develop a relationship to the client that is unique among all professional health care providers
When ethical dilemmas arise, the nurses point of view unique and critical. The nurse usually interacts with clients over longer time intervals than do other disciples.
The philosophy sometimes called the code of ethics of care suggests that ethical dilemmas can best be solved by attention to:
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Solution
Relationships.
The ethic of care explores the notion of care as a central activity of human behavior. Those who write about the ethics of care advocate a more female biased theory that is based on understanding relationships, especially personal narratives.
Successful ethical discussion depends on people who have a clear sense of personal values. When many people share the same values it may be possible to identify a philosophy of utilitarianism, with proposes that:
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The value of something is determined by its usefulness to society.
A utilitarian system of ethics proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness.
Nurses agree to be advocates for their patients. Practice of advocacy calls for the nurse to:
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Assess the client’s point of view and prepare to articulate this point of view.
Nurses strengthen their ability to advocate for a client when nurses are able to identify personal values and then accurately identify the values of the client and articulate the client’s point of view.
The code of ethics for nurses is composed and published by:
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Solution
The American Nurses Association
The ANA has established widely accepted codes that professional nurses attempt to follow.
In the United States, access to health care usually depends on a client’s ability to pay for health care, either through insurance or by paying cash. The client the nurse is caring for needs a liver transplant to survive. This client has been out of work for several months and does not have insurance or enough cash. A discussion about the ethics of this situation would involve predominantly the principle of:
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Justice, because the first and greatest question in this situation is how to determine the just distribution of resources
Justice refers to fairness. Health care providers agree to strive for justice in health care. The term often is used during discussions about resources. Decisions about who should receive available organs are always difficult.
The dominant values in American society on individual autonomy and self-determination:
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Solution
May be in direct conflict with diverse groups.
The dominant value in American society of individual autonomy and self-determination may be in direct conflict with diverse groups. Advance directives, informed consent, and consent for hospice are examples of mandates that may violate client’s values.
Culture strongly influences pain expression and need for pain medication. However, cultural pain:
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Solution
May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
Nurses need not assume that pain relief is equally valued across groups. Cultural pain may be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.