The most indicative test for prostate cancer is:
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Solution
Prostate-specific antigen
An elevated prostate-specific antigen level indicates prostate cancer, but it can be falsely elevated if done after the prostate gland is manipulated.
Option A: A digital rectal examination should be done as part of the yearly screening, and then the antigen test is done if the digital exam suggests cancer.
Option B: MRI is used in staging the cancer.
Immediately post-op after a prostatectomy, which complications requires priority assessment of your patient?
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Solution
Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage is a potential complication.
Option A: Pneumonia may occur if the patient doesn’t cough and deep breathe.
Option C: Urine retention isn’t a problem soon after surgery because a catheter is in place.
Option D: Thrombosis may occur later if the patient doesn’t ambulate.
A patient is experiencing which type of incontinence if she experiences leaking urine when she coughs, sneezes, or lifts heavy objects?
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Solution
Stress
Stress incontinence is an involuntary loss of a small amount of urine due to sudden increased intra-abdominal pressure, such as with coughing or sneezing.
The most common early sign of kidney disease is:
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Solution
Elevated BUN level
Increased BUN is usually an early indicator of decreased renal function.
You expect a patient in the oliguric phase of renal failure to have a 24 hour urine output less than:
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Solution
400ml
Oliguria is defined as urine output of less than 400ml/24hours.
Clinical manifestations of acute glomerulonephritis include which of the following?
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Solution
Hematuria and proteinuria
Hematuria and proteinuria indicate acute glomerulonephritis. These finding result from increased permeability of the glomerular membrane due to the antigen-antibody reaction. Generalized edema is seen most often in nephrosis.
Which of the following causes the majority of UTI’s in hospitalized patients?
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Solution
Invasive procedures
Invasive procedures such as catheterization can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract. A lack of fluid intake could cause concentration of urine, but wouldn’t necessarily cause infection.
Which drug is indicated for pain related to acute renal calculi?
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Solution
Narcotic analgesics
Narcotic analgesics are usually needed to relieve the severe pain of renal calculi.
Options B and D: NSAIDS and salicylates are used for their anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and to treat less severe pain.
Option C: Muscle relaxants are typically used to treat skeletal muscle spasms.
An 18 y.o. student is admitted with dark urine, fever, and flank pain and is diagnosed with acute glomerulonephritis. Which would most likely be in this student’s health history?
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Solution
Recent sore throat
The most common form of acute glomerulonephritis is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection elsewhere in the body.
Which intervention do you plan to include with a patient who has renal calculi?
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Solution
Strain all urine
All urine should be strained through gauze or a urine strainer to catch stones that are passed. The stones are then analyzed for composition.
Option A: Ambulation may help the movement of the stone down the urinary tract.
Option C: Encourage fluid to help flush the stones out.