Amrinone (Inocor) is used for short term therapy for CHF and acts by which of the following mechanisms?
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Solution
Increasing stroke volume and heart rate
The action of amrinone (Inocor) is to increase stroke volume, ejection fraction, and heart rate. Lanoxin, not amrinone, slows ventricular rate and increases cardiac output. The vasodilator effect of amrinone decreases peripheral vascular resistance. Any increase in cardiac output will enhance renal perfusion; this is not just specific to amrinone.
An unexpected effect of the drug is known as a(n):
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Solution
Adverse effect
An adverse reaction is a harmful and unexpected reaction. A side effect is expected and predictable. C and D are incorrect because a toxic reaction is a type of adverse reaction.
Distribution is affected by:
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Solution
Protein binding
Distribution depends on protein binding as well as circulation. Biotransformation is the act of metabolizing the drug. Excretion describes the act of eliminating the drug. There is no such thing as lipid binding.
The extent to which drug is absorbed and transported to target tissue is known as:
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Solution
Bioavailability
Bioavailability is the extent to which a drug is absorbed and transported to target tissue. Steady-state accumulation means that the amount of drug present is sufficient to exert its therapeutic effect. Therapeutic drug levels are serum blood tests used to measure the amount of circulating drug present. Distribution is the process by which drugs are transported to tissues.
When a drug binds to a receptor to produce a pharmacologic effect, the drug may be called a(n):
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Solution
Agonist
An agonist is the action described in the stem. B and C are synonymous. ELiminate choice D because there is no such action described in drug nomenclature.
Safety of a drug is determined by the degree between:
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Solution
Therapeutic and toxic doses
Safety is determined by the degree between therapeutic and toxic doses. Potency and efficacy are not related to safety. Subtherapeutic levels are not part of safety determinations because if a drug is subtherapeutic it does not exert any desired effect. Side effects are expected, and adverse effects are often the result of toxicity.
When a drug is 50% protein bound, it means that:
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Solution
50% of the dose is at work
The percentage of drug NOT protein bound is the amount of drug that is free to exert its effect on the body’s issues. A, C, and D are incorrect because protein binding has nothing to do with the destruction of protein, drug excretion, or protein in the diet. Note that the concept of “50% bound” literally means that 50% is BOUND or connected to protein. This means that the remaining 50% is available.
Absorption, distribution, and excretion may be increased by which of the following diseases?
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Solution
Hyperthyroidism
Diseases that speed up metabolism, such as hyperthyroidism, will increase absorption, distribution, and elimination. B, C, and D are incorrect because diseases that decrease metabolism, such as hypothyroidism, renal insufficiency, and liver disease, will slow these metabolic processes.
When two drugs given together have an effect equal to the sum of their respective effects, the interaction is known as:
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Solution
Additive
An addictive effect occurs when two drugs are given together and their effects is equal to the sum of their respective effects.
The interaction of one drug increased by the presence of a second drug is known as:
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Solution
Potentiation
Potentiation occurs when the action of one drug is increased by the action of another. Think of two words potentiate and potential together. The potential of one drug is higher when a second drug is added to it.
The name selected by the original manufacturer based on the chemical structure of the drug is the:
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Solution
Generic name
The chemical name is the chemical name is the chemical structure of the compound. The trade name is a proprietary name owned by the company that creates and registers it. The drug name does not exist.