Which of the following recurring conditions most commonly occurs in clients with cardiomyopathy?
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Solution
Heart failure
Option A: Because the structure and function of the heart muscle is affected, heart failure most commonly occurs in clients with cardiomyopathy.
Option C: Myocardial infarction results from prolonged myocardial ischemia due to reduced blood flow through one of the coronary arteries.
Option D: Pericardial effusion is most predominant in clients with pericarditis. Diabetes mellitus is unrelated to cardiomyopathy.
Septal involvement occurs in which type of cardiomyopathy?
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Solution
Hypertrophic
Option C: In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hypertrophy of the ventricular septum – not the ventricle chambers – is apparent.
Options A, B, and D: This abnormality isn’t seen in other types of cardiomyopathy.
Which of the following types of cardiomyopathy can be associated with childbirth?
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Solution
Dilated
Option A: Although the cause isn’t entirely known, cardiac dilation and heart failure may develop during the last month of pregnancy of the first few months after birth. The condition may result from a preexisting cardiomyopathy not apparent prior to pregnancy.
Option B: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an abnormal symmetry of the ventricles that has an unknown etiology but a strong familial tendency.
Option C: Myocarditis isn’t specifically associated with childbirth.
Option D: Restrictive cardiomyopathy indicates constrictive pericarditis; the underlying cause is usually myocardia
Which of the following heart muscle diseases is unrelated to other cardiovascular diseases?
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Solution
Cardiomyopathy
Option A: Cardiomyopathy isn’t usually related to an underlying heart disease such as atherosclerosis. The etiology in most cases is unknown.
Options B and C: Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are directly related to atherosclerosis.
Option D: Pericardial effusion is the escape of fluid into the pericardial sac, a condition associated with pericarditis and advanced heart failure.
Which of the following treatments is the definitive one for a ruptured aneurysm?
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Solution
Surgical intervention
Option D: When the vessel ruptures, surgery is the only intervention that can repair it.
Options A and C: Administration of antihypertensive medications and beta-adrenergic blockers can help control hypertension, reducing the risk of rupture.
Option B: An aortogram is a diagnostic tool used to detect an aneurysm.
Which hereditary disease is most closely linked to aneurysm?
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Solution
Marfan’s syndrome
Option C: Marfan’s syndrome results in the degeneration of the elastic fibers of the aortic media. Therefore, clients with the syndrome are more likely to develop an aortic aneurysm.
Option A: Although cystic fibrosis is hereditary, it hasn’t been linked to aneurysms.
Option B: Lupus erythematosus isn’t hereditary.
Option D: Myocardial infarction is neither hereditary nor a disease.
Which of the following complications of an abdominal aortic repair is indicated by detection of a hematoma in the perineal area?
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Solution
Retroperitoneal rupture at the repair site
Option C: Blood collects in the retroperitoneal space and is exhibited as a hematoma in the perineal area. This rupture is most commonly caused by leakage at the repair site.
Options A and B: A hernia doesn’t cause vascular disturbances, nor does a pressure ulcer.
Option D: Because no bleeding occurs with rapid expansion of the aneurysm, a hematoma won’t form.
Which of the following groups of symptoms indicated a ruptured abdominal aneurysm?
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Solution
Severe lower back pain, decreased BP, decreased RBC, increased WBC
Option B: Severe lower back pain indicates an aneurysm rupture, secondary to pressure being applied within the abdominal cavity. When rupture occurs, the pain is constant because it can’t be alleviated until the aneurysm is repaired. Blood pressure decreases due to the loss of blood. After the aneurysm ruptures, the vasculature is interrupted and blood volume is lost, so blood pressure wouldn’t increase. For the same reason, the RBC count is decreased – not increase. The WBC count increases as cells migrate to the site of injury.
Which of the following sounds is distinctly heard on auscultation over the abdominal region of an abdominal aortic aneurysm client?
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Solution
Bruit
Option A: A bruit, a vascular sound resembling heart murmur, suggests partial arterial occlusion.
Option B: Crackles are indicative of fluid in the lungs.
Option C: Dullness is heard over solid organs, such as the liver.
Option D: Friction rubs indicate inflammation of the peritoneal surface.
Which of the following conditions is linked to more than 50% of clients with abdominal aortic aneurysms?
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Solution
HPN
Option B: Continuous pressure on the vessel walls from hypertension causes the walls to weaken and an aneurysm to occur.
Option C: Atherosclerotic changes can occur with peripheral vascular diseases and are linked to aneurysms, but the link isn’t as strong as it is with hypertension.
Option D: Only 1% of clients with syphilis experience an aneurysm.
Option A: Diabetes mellitus doesn’t have direct link to aneurysm.