When teaching parents about typical toddler eating patterns, which of the following should be included?
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Solution
Food “jags.”
Toddlers become picky eaters, experiencing food jags and eating large amounts one day and very little the next. A toddler’s food gags express a preference for the ritualism of eating one type of food for several days at a time.
Option B: Toddlers typically enjoy socialization and limiting others at meal time.
Option C: Toddlers prefer to feed themselves and thus are too young to have table manners.
Option D: A toddler’s appetite and the need for calories, protein, and fluid decrease due to the dramatic slowing of growth rate.
When teaching parents about the child’s readiness for toilet training, which of the following signs should the nurse instruct them to watch for in the toddler?
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Solution
Verbalizes desire to go to the bathroom
The child must be able to sate the need to go to the bathroom to initiate toilet training.
Option A: Usually, a child needs to be dry for only 2 hours, not 4 hours.
Option B: The child also must be able to sit, walk, and squat.
Option C: A new sibling would most likely hinder toilet training.
Which of the following is an appropriate toy for an 18-month-old?
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Solution
Finger paints
Young trent textures. Thus, finger paints would be an appropriate toy choice.
Option A: Multiple-piece toddlers are still sensorimotor learners and they enjoy the experience of feeling dizzy, such as puzzle, are too difficult to manipulate and may be hazardous if the pieces are small enough to be aspirated.
Option B: Miniature cars also have a high potential for aspiration.
Option D: Comic books are on too high a level for toddlers. Although they may enjoy looking at some of the pictures, toddlers are more likely to rip a comic book apart.
If parents keep a toddler dependent in areas where he is capable of using skills, the toddler will develop a sense of which of the following?
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Solution
Shame
According to Erikson, toddlers experience a sense of shame when they are not allowed to develop appropriate independence and autonomy.
Option A: Infants develop mistrust when their needs are not consistently gratified.
Option C: Preschoolers develop guilt when their initiative needs are not met.
Option D: While schoolagers develop a sense of inferiority when their industry needs are not met.
When assessing an 18-month-old, the nurse notes a characteristic protruding abdomen. Which of the following would explain the rationale for this finding?
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Solution
Underdeveloped abdominal muscles
Underdeveloped abdominal musculature gives the toddler a characteristically protruding abdomen.
Option A: During toddlerhood, food intake decreases, not increases.
Option C: Toddlers are characteristically bowlegged because the leg muscles must bear the weight of the relatively large trunk.
Option D: Toddler growth patterns occur in a steplike, not linear pattern.
The mother of a 2-month-old is concerned that she may be spoiling her baby by picking her up when she cries. Which of the following would be the nurse’s best response?
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Solution
“Babies need to be held and cuddled; you won’t spoil her this way.”
Infants need to have their security needs met by being held and cuddled. At 2 months of age, they are unable to make the connection between crying and attention. This association does not occur until late infancy or early toddlerhood.
Option A: Letting the infant cry for a time before picking up the infant or leaving the infant alone to cry herself to sleep interferes with meeting the infant’s need for security at this very young age.
Option C: Infants cry for many reasons. Assuming that the child Is hungry may cause overfeeding problems such as obesity.
Which of the following toys should the nurse recommend for a 5-month-old?
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Solution
A colorful busy box
A busy box facilitates the fine motor development that occurs between 4 and 6 months.
Option A: Balloons are contraindicated because small children may aspirate balloons.
Option B: Because the button eyes of a teddy bear may detach and be aspirated, this toy is unsafe for children younger than 3 years.
Option C: A 5-month-old is too young to use a push-pull toy.
The infant of a substance-abusing mother is at risk for developing a sense of which of the following?
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Solution
Mistrust
According to Erikson, infants need to have their needs met consistently and effectively to develop a sense of trust. An infant whose needs are consistently unmet or who experiences significant delays in having them met, such as in the case of the infant of a substance-abusing mother, will develop a sense of uncertainty, leading to mistrust of caregivers and the environment.
Option B: Toddlers develop a sense of shame when their autonomy needs are not met consistently.
Option C: Preschoolers develop a sense of guilt when their sense of initiative is thwarted.
Option D: Schoolagers develop a sense of inferiority when they do not develop a sense of industry.
When teaching a mother about introducing solid foods to her child, which of the following indicates the earliest age at which this should be done?
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Solution
4 months
Solid foods are not recommended before age 4 to 6 months because of the sucking reflex and the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Therefore, the earliest age at which to introduce foods is 4 months. Any time earlier would be inappropriate.
While performing a physical assessment of a 12 month-old, the nurse notes that the infant’s anterior fontanel is still slightly open. Which of the following is the nurse’s most appropriate action?
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Solution
Do nothing because this is a normal finding for the age.
The anterior fontanelle typically closes anywhere between 12 to 18 months of age. Thus, assessing the anterior fontanelle as still being slightly open is a normal finding requiring no further action. Because it is normal finding for this age, notifying the physician or performing additional examinations are inappropriate.