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Immobility impairs bladder elimination, resulting in such disorders as
Option B: The immobilized patient commonly suffers from urine retention caused by decreased muscle tone in the perineum. This leads to bladder distention and urine stagnation, which provide an excellent medium for bacterial growth leading to infection.
Options A, C, and D: Immobility also results in more alkaline urine with excessive amounts of calcium, sodium and phosphate, a gradual decrease in urine production, and an increased specific gravity.
In a recumbent, immobilized patient, lung ventilation can become altered, leading to such respiratory complications as:
Option A: Because of restricted respiratory movement, a recumbent, immobilize patient is at particular risk for respiratory acidosis from poor gas exchange; atelectasis from reduced surfactant and accumulated mucus in the bronchioles, and hypostatic pneumonia from bacterial growth caused by stasis of mucus secretions.
Thrombophlebitis typically develops in patients with which of the following conditions?
Option C: The factors, known as Virchow’s triad, collectively predispose a patient to thrombophlebitis; impaired venous return to the heart, blood hypercoagulability, and injury to a blood vessel wall.
Option A: Increased partial thromboplastin time indicates a prolonged bleeding time during fibrin clot formation, commonly the result of anticoagulant (heparin) therapy.
Options B and D: Arterial blood disorders (such as pulsus paradoxus) and lung diseases (such as COPD) do not necessarily impede venous return of injured vessel walls.
When transferring a patient from a bed to a chair, the nurse should use which muscles to avoid back injury?
Option C: The leg muscles are the strongest muscles in the body and should bear the greatest stress when lifting. Muscles of the abdomen, back, and upper arms may be easily injured.
Effective skin disinfection before a surgical procedure includes which of the following methods?
Option D: Studies have shown that showering with an antiseptic soap before surgery is the most effective method of removing microorganisms from the skin.
Option A: Shaving the site of the intended surgery might cause breaks in the skin, thereby increasing the risk of infection; however, if indicated, shaving, should be done immediately before surgery, not the day before.
Option B: A topical antiseptic would not remove microorganisms and would be beneficial only after proper cleaning and rinsing.
Option C: Tub bathing might transfer organisms to another body site rather than rinse them away.